I. Hordhac
Crystal oscillators, sida qaybaha kontoroolka soo noqnoqda xudunta u ah, ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa qalabka warshadaha, nidaamyada ilaalinta amniga, aaladaha caafimaadka, qalabka elektaroonigga ah, qalabka guriga ee smart, iyo meelaha kale. Marka loo eego aragtida makro, dhismaha kaabayaasha macluumaadka caalamiga ah waxay si hoose ugu xidhan yihiin horumarinta oscillators crystals. Maqaalkani waxa uu si habaysan u falanqeynayaa horumarka tignoolajiyada ee oscillators crystal - laga soo bilaabo helitaanka saamaynta piezoelectric ilaa nano{3}} baakadaha cabirka - oo daaha ka qaadaya sida ay u kiciyeen horumarka tignoolajiyada aadanaha iyada oo loo marayo afar kacaano warshadeed.
II. Taariikhda Horumarinta ee Crystal Oscillators
1. Muddada Iftiinka Farsamada
Sannadkii 1880-kii, walaalo Jacques iyo Pierre Curie waxay ogaadeen in isticmaalka cadaadiska farsamada ee taarikada quartz ay keentay barakaca koronto, iyagoo soo jeediyay fikraddasaamaynta piezoelectric.
Mabaadi'da Saamaynta Piezoelectric: Marka cadaadiska lagu dhejiyo walxaha piezoelectric, waxaa abuurma kala duwanaansho suurtagal ah oo koronto ah (oo loo yaqaan 'saamaynta piezoelectric toos ah). Taa bedelkeeda, codsashada danabku waxay soo saartaa walbahaarka farsamada (thesaamaynta piezoelectric roga). Haddii cadaadisku ku lug yeesho gariir sare{1}}, waxa uu dhaliyaa qulqulo koronto oo sarreeya- Marka calaamadaha korantada ee sarreeya - lagu dabaqo dhoobada piezoelectric, waxay soo saaraan dhawaaq sare{5}calaamadaha ultrasonic.
Sannadkii 1918-kii, Paul Langevin wuxuu baadhay isagoo isticmaalaya taarikada quartz crystals si uu u horumariyo hababka sonarka hore ee ogaanshaha badda hoosteeda. Tani waxay ku lug lahayd isku-darka hawlo badan oo sonar ah si loo habeeyo macluumaadka dhamaystiran iyo kantaroolka dhexe si loo buuxiyo shuruudaha farsamada, oo ay ku jiraan raadinta jihada dhawaaqa, kala duwanaanta dhawaaqa, ogaanshaha garaaca wadnaha, aqoonsiga bartilmaameedka, iyo digniinta torpedo. Langevin waxa uu isticmaalay X{3}taariko quartz gooyay si uu u soo saaro una ogaado mowjadaha dhawaaqa biyaha hoostooda.
Sannadkii 1921-kii, Professor WG Cady oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Wesleyan ayaa shatiyeeyay oscillator-ka quartz crystal. Patent-kiisu waxa uu isticmaalay resonators crystal quartz si uu u xakameeyo inta jeer ee oscillator waxana uu ku tilmaamay baararka/taaradaha quartz sida heerarka soo noqnoqda iyo filtarrada. Markaa, Cady waxaa si weyn loogu aqoonsaday inuu yahay kii ugu horreeyay ee loo isticmaalo kiristaalo quartz si loo xakameeyo inta jeer ee wareegyada oscillatorka.
Sannadkii 1923kii, Professor Harvard GW Pierce waxa uu sameeyay wareeg oscillator crystal ah oo dhigaya crystal inta u dhaxaysa shabagga iyo anode ee waalka vacuum tube - horudhac u ah qaabaynta oscillator-ka Pierce.
Sannadkii 1925kii, Westinghouse Electric waxay ku rakibtay oscillator crystal ah oscillator-ka ugu weyn ee xaruntooda raadiyaha KDKA.
Van Dyke waxa uu sameeyay qaabka wareegga u dhigma ee resonators crystal quartz. Wareegtani waxay leedahay laba jeer oo soo noqnoqonaya:soo noqnoqda resonant taxane ah (fs)., halka Lg-Cg-Rg laanta ay ka dhawaajiso, iyoisbar-bar yaaca soo noqnoqda (fp)., guud ahaan resonance wareegga. Tan iyo Cg Sannadkii 1926, Y{1} crystals-ka gooyay ayaa la helay oo la isticmaalay. Ilaa markaas, kaliya X{3}kiristaalo quartz la gooyey ayaa la isticmaalay. Halka X- crystals-ka la gooyey ay lahaayeen isku-beeg heerkul ah ~-20ppm/ darajo, kiristaalo Y-cut ayaa soo bandhigay ~{8}}ppm/ degree, taas oo muujinaysa in jeexjeexyada crystals ee kala duwan ay dhalin karaan isku-beegyada heerkulka kala duwan. Sannadkii 1927-kii, Warren Marrison oo ka tirsan Bell Labs waxa uu sameeyay halbeeggii oscillator-kii ugu horreeyay ee quartz crystal. Sannadkii 1928-kii, Warren Marrison wuxuu sameeyay saacaddii ugu horreysay ee quartz ee shaybaadhada Telefoonka Bell. Saacadaha Quartz waxay beddeleen saacadaha pendulum-ka saxda ah sida saacadaha adduunka ugu saxsan (ilaa saacadaha atomiga). Saacadaha atomigaIsticmaal mowjadaha elektromagnetic-ka ah ee soo baxa inta lagu jiro nuugista tamarta atomiga/sii daynta wakhtiga, gaaritaanka saxda ah ~ 1 qalad ilbiriqsi 20 milyan oo sano - hadda waa aaladda wakhtiga ugu saxsan aduunka. Sannadkii 1934kii, AT{1}} iyo BT{2} ayaa soo baxay resonators crystal quartz, oo si madax banaan u daahfuray Lack/Willard/Fair (USA), Koga (Japan), iyo Beckmann/Straubel (Jarmalka). 2. Muddada R&D: Wax-soo-saarka baaxadda leh ee Crystal Oscillators 1950kii, waxaa la sameeyay saacadaha atomiga. Saacadaha Quartz waxay gaareen saxnaanta ugu badan ee 1 ilbiriqsi in ka badan 30 sano (30ms/sanadii). Bell Labs waxa uu hormood u noqday habsocodka kulaylka biyaha ee ganacsiga - kobaca kristanta cabbirka quartz. 3. Muddada Horumarinta: Wax-soo-saarka Dufcaddii & Ka-bedelashada Milatari ee Isticmaalka Rayidka Sannadkii 1968-kii, Juergen Staudte oo ka tirsan Duulimaadyada Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa ikhtiraacay habka sawir-qaadista ee soo saarista oscillators-ka quartz crystal, taasoo u sahlaysa yaraynta alaabta la qaadi karo sida saacadaha. Sannadkii 1976kii, SC - crystals-kii ugu horreeyay ayaa la helay. Sida ugu badan loogu isticmaalo foornada{3} oscillators crystal control (OCXOs) iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay isku xidhka heerkulka ugu fiican ee heerkulka shaqaynta OCXO. 4. Muddada Horumarinta Degdegga ah: Codsiyada Kala Duwan ee Elektarooniga ah Laga soo bilaabo 1990 ilaa hadda, oscillators quartz ayaa ka soo baxay DIP ilaa xirmooyin yaryar oo SMD ah, iyaga oo ka beddelaya daboolka caagagga / birta / dhoobada. Shuruudaha saxda ah iyo soo noqnoqda ayaa kordhay, iyaga oo dalbanaya habab wax soo saar oo wanaagsan. Codsiyada laga soo qaaday isticmaalka niche ilaa dhinacyo kala duwan sida 5G, IoT, elektiroonigga baabuurta, daryeelka caafimaadka smart, iyo qalabka caqliga leh. III. Soo koobid Sannadihii 70+ laga soo bilaabo 1880 ilaa 1956 waxa ay asteeyeen muddada aasaaska oscillators-ka quartz, oo lagu garto hal-abuurro hor leh iyo hal-abuurayaal saamaynta leh. Horumarka tignoolajiyada quartz waxay ka tarjumaysaa hanaan tartiib tartiib ah ee daahfurka, fahamka, iyo korriinka-horumarrada lama degdegi karo. 
